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• The Phison PS2251-68 (also marketed as PS2268/UP23N) uses device-specific, NAND-dependent firmware that is flashed with Phison “Mass-Production” tools (MPALL/MPTool).
• There is no single public “firmware file”; you must obtain a matching burner (.BN) and firmware (.FW/.BIN) pair whose NAND table covers the Flash-ID inside your drive.
• The practical route is:
Controller overview
• PS2251-68 = USB2.0/3.0 UFD controller, ARM-core + Phison’s proprietary μC.
• Integrates BCH-ECC (≤24-bit) and wear-levelling engine, supports SLC/MLC/TLC.
• Seen in 8 GB–64 GB sticks (Silicon-Power, EMTEC, generic OEM, etc.).
Firmware anatomy
• BootROM (OTP) – immutable, enters ISP/Test mode if NAND not detected.
• Burner (BN68Vxxx.BIN) – small RAM loader that initialises SDR/DDR NAND IF.
• Main firmware (FW68FFxx…BIN) – FTL, USB MSC/BOT/UASP stack.
• Parameter pages – tables describing Flash-ID, page/block geometry, ECC polynomial, timing, trim pad settings, power-saving flags.
Failure modes that trigger reflashing
• Device enumerates as 1 MB/0 MB, VID=0000, “Phison 2251” or “13FE:5500” only.
• Hard write-protect bit set (controller enters safe-read-only).
• Endless enumeration/disconnect loop due to bad boot blocks.
• Wrong capacity after counterfeit re-programming.
Why firmware is not universal
• Each NAND vendor/revision changes page size (2 k/4 k/8 k), ONFI toggling mode, CE layout, bad-block marker position.
• FTL tables are compiled into FW image; mismatch => “ID-Error 0x8872” in MPTool.
Mass-Production tool chain
• MPALL v3.xx (legacy) │ v4.xx (USB2/3 mixed) │ v5.xx (late PS2251).
• Executables: MPALL.exe, GetInfo.exe, BurnerISP.exe, ParamEditor.exe.
• Password: often blank, “phison”, or “320”.
Process flow:
[ChipGenius] → Flash-ID 983C98B37672 (Kioxia 64 Gbit TLC)
↓
[MPALL] Select BN68V101M.BIN + FW68FF01V10010M.BIN with Kioxia table
↓
Low-level format, create firmware blocks, write FTL tables
↓
OS enumerates as normal removable disk → partition / format• Latest leaked MPALL packages for PS2251-68 are 2022-Q4 builds (v5.03.0B) containing updated NAND tables for late-model Kioxia/SK-Hynix TLC.
• Data-recovery houses increasingly move to PC-3000 Flash and “Spider Board” to read raw NAND when firmware flashing fails.
• Security research: PS2251-xx family was used in “BadUSB” proof-of-concept; custom open-source firmware (github.com/adamcaudill/Psychson) exists but does not support the ‑68 variant because of newer signature checks.
• Industry shift to USB 3.2 Gen1 controllers (PS2251-17/35, Silicon Motion SM3281) reduces new deployments of PS2251-68, but repair demand remains high in RMA and data-recovery labs.
• NAND Flash-ID decoding example
0x98 0x3C 0x98 0xB3 0x76 0x72 → 3D-TLC BiCS4, requires ECC=28-bit, page=16 kB.
• ECC summary
Required ECC bits \( t \) follow \[ t = \lceil \frac{\text{page_size}\times \text{raw_BER}}{\text{target_FER}} \rceil \]. PS2251-68 tops at 24-bit; therefore, 16 kB BiCS4 3D-TLC sits at the very edge → frequent read disturb → early failure.
• Analogous controllers: PS2251-03 = USB2-only predecessor, PS2251-38/39 = SD-card mode variant.
• Firmware binaries are Phison IP; redistribution often violates licensing and DMCA.
• Re-programming can bypass the manufacturer’s serial number or enable HID/MSD dual-mode, potentially facilitating malware injection (BadUSB).
• Drives under warranty should be returned, not reflashed, to avoid loss of statutory consumer rights.
• Always sanitise user data; flashing irreversibly wipes NAND and may expose private data if NAND blocks are later re-used.
| Common error codes | Code | Meaning | Remedy |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0x8870 | NAND not supported | Try different FW; check Flash-ID list | |
| 0x8804 | ECC fail during verify | NAND worn out → replace IC | |
| 0x9902 | VID/PID mismatch | Correct in Setting.ini |
• Success rate drops sharply if NAND is physically degraded (re-allocated >5 %).
• Some retail sticks lock the ISP pins with epoxy; entering Test-Mode may be impossible without micro-soldering.
• Phison stopped releasing BN/FW combos for PS2251-68 after 2018; all newer sets are factory-internal leaks—use at your own risk.
• Investigate open-source alternatives (e.g., F-OpenSSD) for future-proof removable storage.
• Study advanced ECC (LDPC) migration paths; PS2251-38 and newer provide LDPC > 640-bit.
• Explore secure firmware signing introduced in PS2251-20 (2019) – implications for BadUSB mitigation.
• Recommended reading:
– “Inside NAND Flash Translation Layers” – IEEE Trans. VLSI 2021.
– Phison MPTool Application Note v5.0 (leaked documentation, April 2022).
– PC-3000 Flash user guide, chapter 17 (Phison RAW recovery).
To repair or update a Phison PS2251-68-based USB flash drive you must: