HP Deskjet D1360 printer Teardown and step by step carriage control with Arduino

In this topic, I will first show you the inside of the printer in detail HP Deskjet D1360 , and then I will show you how to use its parts with Arduino. I will specify the pinout of the encoder from the inside, write the code to determine the position of the carriage using the encoder, and of course drive its DC motor with the help of an additional H-bridge module. The end result of the work will be my own Arduino sketch to position the carriage of this printer at the position we want.

HP Deskjet D1360 printer teardown
I received this printer in bulk, without a power supply - I just saved it from electro-waste.

Printer from below:

Nameplate:

To get inside, we will need a torx (so-called hex/star) screwdriver, such as:

(Torx screwdriver tip; source: Wikipedia)
I also prepared this:

Often, the printer cover must be opened to expose the screws:

The screws are on both sides of the case, front and back:

After unscrewing the top cover, you can already look inside the printer:


Inside, we can see the moving mechanism of the carriage with two ink containers (which move along with it).
Interestingly, this mechanism is based on a regular DC motor, not a stepper motor. At this point, you can't see it yet, but you can easily see it after dismantling the whole thing - there are only two wires going to the motor.
The motor itself and the mechanism of the carriage are also screwed with torx screws:

The printer determines the position of the carriage based on the encoder (here this encoder is double - it has one diode and two phototransistors, but more on that later) which counts color jumps on the foil strip:

Now I will show these stripes up close. I had to use better lighting and background (white sheet of paper) to take this photo.
Here's a foil strip (so-called 'encoder strip') in a good quality photo:

Here with zoom:

And with a bit more magnification:


The stripes are clearly visible.
The encoder itself after desoldering looks like this:

Strap slot:

With strap:

Encoder center; bisecting it like this is of course can be destructive, I did it to show its insides here:

The diode and the receiver are clearly visible.
(But this is not the encoder from the printer being dismantled here, but from another one; I did not desolder it from this printer from the topic)
I will come back to the topic of the encoder and its belt.

Continuing the teardown of the printer: after removing the rail with the carriage, we can get to the motherboard and the second DC motor, here responsible for paper feeding:


In this way, we are practically left with the plastic base of the printer:

However, there is another valuable element hidden in the photo above. It is located in the plastic paper tray:


Often it is not even screwed on, but held on by hooks.
This is a board with another encoder, here even with a diode symbol (so we know what the pinout is):

And that will be all about the teardown. Below is a summary of the demolition.

Obtained items
I kept only what I found useful from the printer. The plastic housing and unnecessary metal elements were immediately disposed of.
I left only these parts:

In the photo you can see:
- carriage guide with a moving carriage (on the carriage there is a board with an integrated circuit and a double encoder; on the guide there is a striped black stripe for the encoder)
- two DC motors (one from the ejected paper feeder mechanism, the other from the carriage, here separately)
- a button on a separate board on two wires
- single loose encoder on a separate board
- motherboard from a printer with a USB connector and another encoder
- screws
In the above set, there is not a single stepper motor (as I have already found them in the systems from the scanner) and there is no power supply, because this printer had an external power supply that probably did not come from me.
Below I will try to make some of the parts shown here and demonstrate that they can be used for hobby projects.


Encoder pinout from carriage
The first thing that interested me was the encoder that allows us to determine the current position of the carriage. The encoder has a slot for the previously mentioned strip:

This encoder has 6 leads, two on one side and four on the other:

This encoder contains one diode and two sensors. I have sketched its diagram below:

Between the diode and the two sensors, the previously shown bar moves - while moving, it covers the sensors (sometimes one, sometimes the other, sometimes both), which allows us to determine its movement and thus the position of the carriage.
The diode from the encoder obviously requires a resistor - it's possible that it is somewhere nearby on the PCB. If we run the encoder ourselves, we also have to remember to put this resistor there.
The encoder pins themselves are not marked and I was unable to find its documentation on the Internet, although I found information that they are not standardized and may vary depending on the printer model.
That's why I think it's worth knowing how to determine which pin is which.
You can start with the simplest - mass:

This pin, of course, will be connected to the mass of the entire system / mass screed on the board. In the picture above, I show that there is a direct connection between the selected encoder pin and the test ground pin on the PCB.
Then it is worth recognizing VDD - power supply - in my case it was on two pins:

The fact that it is VDD can be guessed by elimination. If it is not mass, what else can be on two pins in such an encoder? Just the power supply - VDD. It is connected both to the diode from the encoder and to the phototransistors from it. VDD is also often connected to the + electrolytic capacitor.
Next, I made sure of the diode leads. They are on one side of the encoder where there are only two pins. I used a diode test in my multimeter for this - it shows the voltage drop. Of course, the diode conducts only in one direction, the other side of this reading will not be.

At this point, it is possible to determine which pins (the other two) are the signal outputs of the sensors using the elimination method.
This is how I recognized the encoder pins.
Finally, it should be noted that encoders really have different pins and sometimes, for example, they have ground on two pins, and sometimes power on two pins...
It should also be remembered that the encoder at its diode does not have a resistor - we have to put it there ourselves.

Connecting to the encoder and carriage
Now for something not very revealing, but necessary - a way to connect to the encoder on the ambulance.
You can just give your own wires and maybe it's the easiest way, but I decided to use the existing ribbon.
For this purpose, I removed the redundant chip from the board with a hot air gun and removed all connections of the chip with the ribbon (with its connector) using a small grinder:


I emphasize - when making a connection using this method, ALL SHORT CIRCUITS and UNNECESSARY ELEMENTS from the pins from the ribbon and from the encoder legs must be removed. Otherwise, you can waste a lot of time checking why something doesn't work because it will, for example, short-circuit the signal unnecessarily, a forgotten SMD resistor or a via.
Then I made connections directly from the encoder pins to the ribbon connector pins. For this I put a resistor there:


Finished carriage board:


Now you need to repeat the same procedure for the connector on the other side. I cut the ribbon connector from the PCB and checked it with a multimeter for short circuits, and I removed the ones that were.

I soldered the wires to this connector that match the Arduino:

I kept the colors of the connections in accordance with what I had with the encoder:

This is how all the necessary connections for the test with Arduino were created, which I will present in the next paragraph.

Encoder test - ADC
First, I tested the encoder using ADC. I first powered the encoder with 5V, but it soon turned out that 3.3V from Arduino is also enough and I recommend you to use this voltage at the beginning.
The connection to the Arduino is shown in the picture:


Sketch used:

Result (during head movement):

It seems that everything is ok - the value from the ADC is the same because I powered the encoder with 3.3V from the Arduino board and not with 5V.
1024*(3.3/5)=675, which is about what we see on the UART.
Then I changed the program so that it does not use ADC.

Encoder test - digitalRead
The code below does essentially the same thing as the previous example, just uses digitalRead instead of the completely redundant analogRead. It is worth noting that I configure the encoder pin here in the input mode with a pullup resistor (for power supply), i.e. INPUT_PULLUP, and not, for example,. INPUT only.

Result (while moving the head):

I checked both encoder outputs with this code and both gave the correct reading.

Encoder test - reading from both sensors
Then I modified the code to read values from both encoder sensors at the same time. This will allow us to observe how they change relative to each other as the carriage moves.

Below are the results of running the code.
Movement to engine side:

Motor side movement:

Comparison in one picture:

You can see here that thanks to the use of two sensors of this encoder at once, it is also possible to determine the direction in which the carriage moves. I will definitely use it a bit further.
(of course, to have meaningful readings, the Arduino must keep up with the encoder sampling and must not lose the stripes)

End/stop position detection - 'endstop'
Another thing that will be useful to do is to detect the initial (or, if you prefer - final) position of the carriage - that is, end stop. This is something almost unavoidable - even 3D printers (including my Ender 3 Pro) have a similar mechanism.
I will implement it here based on another element removed earlier from the printer:


This element simply closes the contacts when pressed.
Its designation is DMBL-01L 1A125 and you can find some information about it on the web. Interestingly, it is also used in computer mice:

But I don't think we need any more information about it - it's handled like a normal Arduino button (digitalRead), with an internal pullup resistor for convenience (INPUT_PULLUP mode). We will connect the element between this pin and ground.
I mounted the element with a small screw:

In addition, I taped it from the PCB side so as not to make a short circuit:

Mounted item:

All that's left is to prepare the code - reading the state of the button and sending it to the UART to check if everything works.
All below:

I tested the code in two caret positions.
Endstop test - ambulance parked (the button is pressed, so the pin is shorted to ground, so we have 0):


Endstop test - carriage beyond position 0 (the button is not pressed; the pin is not shorted to ground, but there is a pullup - resistor to VCC, so we have 1):




DC motor control via the L298N module
We already have:
- encoder support (shift counting based on encoder strip)
- endstop detection support
We don't have engine service yet.
This is a DC motor, the direction of current flow determines the direction of rotation, so you will need an H-bridge. It's best to use a ready-made module. I chose a module based on the L298N integrated circuit:

The module shown above supports two DC motors and is easy to find in many online stores.
It works on voltages up to 35V and currents up to 2A. It will surely be enough.
Diagram of motor connection and its control:

Datasheet L298:

As part of the L298 test, I prepared a simple code that only controls the motor - it simply changes the direction of rotation every second:

line from analogWrite determines the PWM fill, i.e. the speed of rotation, while digitalWrite for the DA and DB pins determine the direction of rotation.
Unfortunately, the 5V voltage here turned out to be too low for the ambulance motor; I had to use a 12V DC power supply:


After it was properly connected, the engine started.
Result in the video:

The carriage is already moving - in the next paragraph I will present a slightly better control of it.

Parking and counting steps with an encoder
Then I could prepare a slightly more advanced example that will use the already discussed parking detector as well as the encoder (but only one of its sensors).
The operation of the example is based on handling the current state of the device specified by enumeration command_e .
Variable offset specifies the current position of the caret.
Variable repeats here only helps to detect carriage stop.
Variable prev_encoderA remembers the previous state read from the encoder (high or low), because we need to compare it with the current one to be able to detect the change.
All code below:

The example above does not yet support counting the movement on the encoder bar in both directions, I will present it in the next paragraph. Still, everything works fine. what I will show in the videos.
Test with the carriage at the other end of the rail:

Carriage test at the beginning of the rail:

Arduino detects when the carriage reaches the extreme value on the rail and then moves it to the other side. After moving to UART the number of steps counted is sent.

Parking and counting steps with an encoder - on interrupts
The code in the previous paragraph begs to be improved to use interrupts - more specifically, the 'on change' interrupt.
On Arduino UNO it is available on pins 2 and 3.
More information here:
https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/functions/external-interrupts/attachinterrupt/
You should use interrupts for such things, not check them every loop like in the previous example. Checking every loop can fail especially if we want to do something in this loop besides checking.
By the way, I also added support for counting encoder steps in both directions - i.e. reading from the second encoder sensor. Details in the code (in the interrupt function):


Moves the carriage to the selected position
Now you can add a separate 'command' to the code, i.e. moving the caret to a given position. I will implement this in the interrupt handler, I will simply check whether the carriage is behind or ahead of the expected position. The expected position will be described by a variable target_offset .
Full code:

Result:

The above code is very primitive. Checking the achievement of the ambulance destination is carried out here:

Unfortunately, this solution may not work in many cases - the ambulance will jump over its target by force of momentum and will alternately cause movement to the right and left (once setup_move(0.120) once setup_move(1,120) ).
Here you can combine and, for example, base the engine power on the distance from the target, for example in this way:

or put some more serious algorithm to work.

I could also improve the mechanics of this printer carriage, because in my case it has slack on the rail, but I decided that it was acceptable as part of the demonstration. Perhaps I will come back to this project soon and do something more with it.

The code above could also be optimized, even if digitalWrite in Arduino is quite slow (checks the pin index, etc):

They can be replaced with writing directly to the port register (e.g. to PORTB), the operation will be performed faster and the effect will be the same. This is surprisingly a very big change, it gives only one command instead of a dozen or more.

Summary
I showed the inside of the printer here HP Deskjet D1360 and I presented how you can handle its encoder and carriage yourself on the Arduino platform. The examples shown could be significantly improved and taken further, and based on them, a more advanced project could be implemented.
Of course, I am fully aware that it is much more convenient to control stepper motors, but the purpose of the topic was to present the operation of the encoder from the printer, not to look for the best solution.
I also have a few scanners with stepper motors waiting to be dismantled, so perhaps I will describe them soon.