It would, probably, work just fine if you connected the output of the accelerometer to the "positive" input of the ADC, and connect the accelerometers ground line to the "negative" input of the ADC. If the reason for the differential input ADC is to cancel noise on a length of cable between the accelerometer and the ADC, and the accelerometer gets it's power from the same supply that supplies the ADC, then run separate power lines to the accelerometer. In other words, there would be 4 lines:
1. A line form the ADC positive supply line to the positive connection on the accelerometer (e.g. VDD, VCC, etc).
2. A line from the accelerometer's output to the "positive input of the ADC.
3. A line from the accelerometer ground (i.e. connected as closely to the accelerometers actual, physical ground connection as possible) to the ADC "negative" input.
4. A line from the supply ground on the accelerometer, to the ground (or negative [not to be confused with the "negative" input on the ADC]) supply on the ADC circuit.