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Capacitor Series vs Parallel Effects and Basic Transistor Amplifier Design

Bartek1-8 24163 12
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Treść została przetłumaczona polish » english Zobacz oryginalną wersję tematu
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  • #1 5290646
    Bartek1-8
    Level 10  
    So I have a few questions about things I don't quite understand.
    1. How will the capacitor work when I connect it in series in a circuit with e.g. a battery and a light bulb between a light bulb and a battery, and how when I connect its legs parallel to the legs of a light bulb in the same circuit? Does it matter in practice?
    2. Does the transistor work in such a way that when I apply a voltage of 0.7 V or more to the base, the emitter-collector junction conducts? If so, in which direction, from the emitter to the collector or vice versa? And what potential should I give to the base + or -? What is the difference between NPN and PNP transistor? How to make the simplest amplifier from 1 transistor?
    3. Can you limit the current with a resistor without limiting the voltage?
    4. How can you make a low-efficiency voltage doubler without ICs?
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  • #2 5290742
    Macosmail
    Level 35  
    Hello.


    1. It will not work at all, because for DC the presence of a capacitor is a break (infinitely high resistance). For alternating current, it is capacitive reactance, depending on the frequency of the current and the capacitance of the capacitor.
    2. The bipolar transistor is controlled by current not voltage. The value 0.7 is characteristic because it is the forward voltage of the PN (BE) junction. PNP and NPN transistors differ in polarization, i.e. direction of currents. Yes, the base current controls the EK current (conduction).

    3. No. I=U/R - the most important law in electrical engineering.

    4. The simplest doubler is a diode capacitor, but it has a small current efficiency.
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  • #3 5290749
    don diego
    Level 32  
    Macosmail wrote:

    3. No. I=U/R - the most important law in electrical engineering.

    Have you heard of the current divider?
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  • #4 5290753
    Bartek1-8
    Level 10  
    Okay, thanks a lot! As for the capacitors, you could specify it for alternating current and if it would not cause any trouble, possibly a diagram of this doubler.
    I've heard of a voltage divider but not a current divider...
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  • #6 5290823
    Bartek1-8
    Level 10  
    OK thanks. Because I ordered a 4.5 Ah gel battery for my Wueska 125 (rear lights on LEDs are enough) and such a battery should be charged with a current of 0.4 A and the charging in WSK is at the most frequently used speed of 0.7 A, i.e. in such a situation I have to make a divider intensity, right?
  • #7 5290824
    Macosmail
    Level 35  
    don diego wrote:
    Macosmail wrote:

    3. No. I=U/R - the most important law in electrical engineering.

    Have you heard of the current divider?



    I heard it, but my friend didn't mean it. With a receiver with a constant R and supply from a voltage source, current limitation is always limited by voltage. By the way, in the current divider, influencing the value of the current in R1 with the value of R2 is also done by changing the voltage on the resistors.
  • #8 5291088
    Przetwornik
    Level 26  
    Macosmail wrote:
    2. The bipolar transistor is controlled by current not voltage. The value 0.7 is characteristic because it is the forward voltage of the PN (BE) junction. PNP and NPN transistors differ in polarization, i.e. direction of currents. Yes, the base current controls the EK current (conduction).

    More precisely, it is the small base current that controls the flow of the large current from the collector to the emitter in the NPN (the current flows into the collector and out the emitter).
  • #9 5291336
    Macosmail
    Level 35  
    The charging current also depends on the degree of discharge of the battery, it is true that the most optimal is to charge the battery with a current of 0.1Q, but the charging current is not regulated in vehicles, but the voltage regulation in the 12V installation, the charging voltage is set to about 14.4V, also the value of the current depends on the discharge level of the battery. Search on the electrode, this topic has already been discussed several times.
  • #10 5292036
    Tremolo
    Level 43  
    1. The DC capacitor will work in this system (series) until it is charged. The higher the capacity, the longer the bulb will last.
    When connected in parallel, such a capacitor will act as a stabilizer. When the battery is disconnected, the capacitor will hold the voltage. The higher the capacity, the longer it lasts.
    Helpful post? Buy me a coffee.
  • #11 5293393
    Macosmail
    Level 35  
    Tremolo wrote:
    1. The DC capacitor will work in this system (series) until it is charged. The higher the capacity, the longer the bulb will last.
    When connected in parallel, such a capacitor will act as a stabilizer. When the battery is disconnected, the capacitor will hold the voltage. The higher the capacity, the longer it lasts.


    That's right ... but when the capacitor is charged, the voltage at its terminals changes, hence the current flow (the capacitor opposes the voltage changes by generating a current flow proportional to them) these are the so-called undetermined states. In general, it should be noted that for direct current a capacitor is a break and that there are so-called non-steady states when switching currents in circuits containing capacitances and inductances.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactance_(electricity)
  • #12 5295952
    Tremolo
    Level 43  
    There is also such a thing as lapse and loss.

    Depends on how one looks at it (philosophy). But it can be considered that the capacitor's on state is a short fairly high frequency peak that the capacitor lets through.
    Helpful post? Buy me a coffee.
  • #13 5296869
    Bartek1-8
    Level 10  
    Approx. Thanks for all the replies. You've made my mind a bit clearer. And as for this battery, I just want to know if charging the battery with a current greater than 0.1 capacity is not harmful and if the gels are not particularly sensitive to it, because it would be a pity for the battery. There was no voltage regulator in WSK originally, so it's just not needed for sure. And so the charging current would be too large by about 0.2 A (4.5 Ah battery).
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Topic summary

The discussion revolves around the effects of connecting capacitors in series and parallel configurations within circuits, particularly with batteries and light bulbs. It is clarified that in a DC circuit, a capacitor in series behaves as an open circuit once charged, while in parallel, it acts as a voltage stabilizer. The operation of bipolar transistors is also addressed, noting that a base voltage of 0.7 V or more allows current to flow from the collector to the emitter in NPN transistors, with the base needing a positive voltage. The differences between NPN and PNP transistors are highlighted, along with the basic principles of constructing a simple transistor amplifier. Additionally, the limitations of current regulation using resistors are discussed, emphasizing that current is inherently tied to voltage. The conversation touches on the construction of a low-efficiency voltage doubler using diodes and capacitors, and the importance of charging batteries at appropriate currents to avoid damage, particularly for gel batteries.
Summary generated by the language model.
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