the difference between "mass" and "minus" ...

just ... what is the difference between mass and minus in electronics, it has always interested me and I have never found a specific and accurate answer anywhere

I know that if there is a "+" in the battery from which the current carriers (electrons) come out, they must flow through the receiver and drain somewhere, and I understand it - for this there is a minus in the batteries

if the tram runs on the 'hook' tracks, it slides along the line with voltage (which powers the tram's engine), the loads are discharged to the rails with a 'zero' charge, so there is a potential difference - then I also understand

but what about (for example) a bicycle dynamo? if I spin this toothed crap, I generate a voltage relatively quickly depending on the frequency of rotation, if I put the bulb to the output where "+" is generated without the discharge of the charge, the bulb will not light - then I put "-" to the metal dynamo housing which is "mass"

what exactly is this mass? or is it just a piece of a solid made of a guide? is it important what I take as the weight?

The 1st dynamo does not produce direct current so there is not much plus and minus
2.the minus is the point with the lowest potential and ground is the reference point (e.g. the dynamo housing is the reference point)
3. in e.g. amplifiers there is (with power supply) plus, minus and ground (also known as GND)
4. often the minus is the mass

Mass - the reference point against which we measure the voltage.
The most common is the weight with a minus.
In symmetrical power supplies, the mass is the point with the middle voltage, e.g. +10 V, mass, -10V.
There are also systems with two masses, e.g. converters, where there is a mass on the primary winding (we say "hot" mass if the converter is 230 V) and a mass on the secondary winding ("cold" mass)

Weight is not always a minus.
If you have a symmetrical power supply, it is + that is positive voltage, - that is negative voltage and there is ground. The mass is where all the currents flow. The ground connects to the power source, and it must not be a piece of metal.

There are systems in which a plus (+) is connected to ground. The Syrena super car had a plus on the weight.

doda_spawarka wrote:

... I know that if there is a "+" in the battery from which the current carriers (electrons) come out, they must flow through the receiver and drain somewhere, and I understand that - for this there is a minus in the batteries ...

The conventional direction of current flow in the circuit is from the higher potential to the lower potential (plus to minus). In metal (and other) conductors, the electric current is carried by electrons (they have a negative charge) and they flow from negative to positive.

małpski666 wrote:

The 1st dynamo does not produce direct current so there is not much plus and minus

how is that? after all, in the socket you also have alternating current where the plus is phase (brown wire) and the minus is zero (blue) should also be the ground (yellow and green), and alternating current only has this characteristic that the instantaneous values of alternating current change and it does not mean at all the fact that in the socket "there is no plus and minus" ...

maybe I'm talking nonsense but that's how I understand it ...

Added after 2 [minutes]:

Arturros1 wrote:

Weight is not always a minus.
If you have a symmetrical power supply, it is + that is positive voltage, - that is negative voltage and there is ground. The mass is where all the currents flow. The ground connects to the power source, and it must not be a piece of metal.

So what is this "connecting to a power source" about, for example, such a dynamo?

I know it's hard to understand (I had a problem with that too ) but the phase is not a plus. The alternating current varies from positive voltage to negative voltage.
The dynamo has a pin that gives an alternating voltage and there is a mass on the dynamo housing.

I should understand that one time a plus is a minus, and another time the other way around?

Mass is a certain contract.
But okay:
The electrons flow from the minus (- to plus (+); you should know that they have a negative sign and that they move (if they can) towards positively charged objects, and the plus of the battery is permanently positively charged due to appropriately selected chemical reactions.
The mass was invented to close the circuit cheaper, both direct and "slowly changing".
Two wires are needed to send such currents from the source to the receiver.
But as it turned out, the earth has some significant conductivity, and it could be used as one of the conductors. Hence, the telegraph lines visible in some westerns have only one wire (the other is earth). This is probably the oldest example of grounding I know of.
Mass has gained great popularity in the car industry. And it is there that you can see that there are models that have a plus (+) on the mass. It does not change the fact that the current from the battery flows to the current receiver (let's say light bulbs) through one wire to the switch, hence one wire to the circuit breaker, then one wire to the bulb, and the return route runs through the steel frame and car body.
The mass is taken as the reference potential for all (say) supply voltages.
I think it is common to use a negative mass in electronics due to the construction of electron tubes. In the system of direct filament lamps, all cathodes were on one potential due to the filament connection, and positive high voltage had to be connected to the anodes.
However, there are many circuits that use negative ground voltages.
Classic circuits on operational amplifiers are powered by two equal voltages; positive and negative to the mass.
Standard PC uses voltages (for example) + 5V, + 3.3V, + 2.5V, + 1.85V, + 12V, -12V, -5V all of them relative to common ground, some sent directly from the power supply, others made of them by stabilizers right where they are needed.
As far as I remember, the tram uses alternating current, and so does the bicycle dynamo. The signs change cyclically, but the important thing is that it is cheaper to use a bicycle frame or rails lying on the ground as one of them - elements necessary for the structure for "non-electrical" reasons.
A further development of the idea of mass is the neutral conductor in three-phase (and other polyphase) connections.
But I will not elaborate on that here.

Arturros1 wrote:

The dynamo has a pin that gives an alternating voltage and there is a mass on the dynamo housing.

that's what I mean, what is MASS in this case? Why, instead of connecting the cable to the housing, I cannot put it, for example, against tram rails?

There is a plus and then a minus on the phase, and it all changes with a frequency of 50 Hz.

Arturros1 wrote:

There is a plus and then a minus on the phase, and it all changes with a frequency of 50 Hz.

well, that's right (I've heard about it somewhere) but what about this "volatility" in the case of a dynamo? also once at the exit there is + and once -? but with a different frequency? then what about discharging loads to mass? is mass then one time + and one time -? God, I have a mess now;]

[quote = "added_spawarka"] [

well, that's right (I've heard about it somewhere) but what about this "volatility" in the case of a dynamo? also once at the exit there is + and once -? but with a different frequency? then what about discharging loads to mass? is mass then one time + and one time -? quote]

Exactly.

I will cut in on the topic.
in this diagram, where there are dashes next to the capacitors is the mass, should all the dashes on the board be connected with each other when we assemble such a system, and do we connect it to any of the poles? or maybe we just leave it connected with each other? :D

The principle is that to describe an electrical system we choose a point and call it mass. For direct current we are talking about a positive voltage - i.e. a potential higher than ground, or a negative voltage - i.e. a potential lower than ground.
The alternating current flows back and forth as shown by the sine wave, but in the case of a 230V network, we have a circuit that includes a power plant. In simplified terms, it can be said that the power plant generates a voltage that changes 50 times per second between the L and N conductors. In addition, the energy workers connect the N conductor to the ground - they physically dig it in and our mother Earth becomes an element of the electric circuit. This is why the phase tester will not show anything on the N conductor - because it is on the ground potential, i.e. the ground on which we are standing. Another thing is L-conductor - we close the circuit through our body to the ground and back to the power plant. This is why in 230V circuits, the earth potential is usually taken as the mass.
The dynamo is similar, only instead of the ground we have a bicycle frame.
Greetings!

chudybyk wrote:

The principle is that to describe an electrical system we choose a point and call it mass. For direct current we are talking about a positive voltage - i.e. a potential higher than ground, or a negative voltage - i.e. a potential lower than ground.
The alternating current flows back and forth as shown by the sine wave, but in the case of a 230V network, we have a circuit that includes a power plant. In simplified terms, it can be said that the power plant generates a voltage that changes 50 times per second between the L and N conductors. In addition, the energy workers connect the N conductor to the ground - they physically dig it in and our mother Earth becomes an element of the electric circuit. This is why the phase tester will not show anything on the N conductor - because it is on the ground potential, i.e. the ground on which we are standing. Another thing is L-conductor - we close the circuit through our body to the ground and back to the power plant. This is why in 230V circuits, the earth potential is usually taken as the mass.
The dynamo is similar, only instead of the ground we have a bicycle frame.
Greetings!

ok, that's right, but why if I connect the cable to the pin in the socket instead of the frame - the bulb does not light up? because the pin has too much resistance and the loads do not flow away?

please answer my weight question

You need to connect the mass to the minus of the power supply.

The bulb will not light up because the bicycle frame is not connected to the ground in the socket.

Arturros1 wrote:

You need to connect the mass to the minus of the power supply.

The bulb will not light up because the bicycle frame is not connected to the ground in the socket.

then how do i know that the power minus is on the bike frame and not elsewhere?

Because it's a closed circuit.

Dynamo -> cable -> lamp -> bicycle frame -> dynamo

If you do not connect the bicycle to the frame, the circuit will not be closed and the lamp will never turn on. You can analyze the structure of the lamp and dynamo. Both have outlets at the hooks, thanks to which they are bolted to the bicycle frame - they use it like a cable.

indeed, now I understand everything, thanks to everyone for your help, I already have this knowledge about 'mass' ordered
Thanks!
ps. in my opinion, the topic can be considered as solved

Mass is a conventional concept and you decide where it will be.

Usually, the ground is defined as the point with the zero potential, and here we have alternating current and the circuit is on insulated tires, so the zero potential is once on the frame, once on the cable.

In this case, it is said that the frame is the mass because it is a common cable that closes all the bicycle's circuits.

It is also assumed that the earth has a potential of zero, because in fact it is all relative and some kind of reference point is needed.

In DC circuits, the voltage source has 2 poles + and -. A plus has a positive potential of a certain value, and a minus of zero (which is usually ground), but no one will forbid you to say that this + has a potential of zero and a minus of a certain value (and then it can be mass). It all depends on what is your benchmark or mass.

Then you already have the basics of electrical engineering. The current only flows in a closed circuit. Logically, since you determine what is ground in your system, you cannot connect one bulb cable to the generator, and the other to ground in another circuit, not related in any way to your system (e.g. to the ground in a socket).