Impact of sudden power outage on electronic circuits (computer)

I wonder if the sudden switching off and on of the electricity can have a negative impact on the electronics used in computers, because as we know it should be turned off through the system, not from the "socket". What about a second cut-off from the power supply? It can burn, damage components (e.g. graphics card). What is behind it, because I have a computer for a few thousand and fear and nerves when someone is playing power-off and sudden power surges.

The mere disconnection of the power, assuming that the power supply is not a crap, poses a threat "only" to the data on the disk.

It should be avoided, because theoretically you can have a breakdown, but not necessarily and you need to minimize the risk.
Is there any specific program to clean up bad sectors?

The electronics itself is resistant to power failure, but if a power failure occurs while writing data to the disk or to some non-volatile memory, we may have a problem, theoretically there is protection, for example, file systems with a log or checksums, to be able to determine if all the records are successful when restarting correctly, or even undo unfinished modifications, in practice we all know how many bugs are in the modern softbler and it would be difficult to expect that such rarely used functions will work 100% correctly, so it will work a few times and then you will have to put the system up again , or replace working hardware in which the only damage is incorrect data in the EEPROM.

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What about a second cut-off from the power supply? It can burn, damage components (e.g. graphics card)

A short cut of the power supply causes the power supply to restart, so the soft-start should work again.
If we were talking about professional, industrial, military, medical equipment, etc., it is known that nothing has the right to break down, the manufacturer must guarantee reliable operation in various unforeseen situations, and power outages cannot even be called an unforeseen situation.

But we are talking about a home computer that is primarily designed so that it is cheap to produce, here the cheapest solutions are used, and for example one of such solutions - the inrush current limitation with an NTC thermistor will not work after a second pause.

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What is behind it, because I have a computer for a few thousand and fear and nerves when someone is playing power-off and sudden power surges.

Invest in UPS, the fact that you paid a few thousand does not mean that you will get higher-class or more refined equipment, you only pay for performance, in terms of reliability and resistance, it is still the lowest shelf called "consumer electronics"

Mariopi wrote:

In addition to the statement by Sz. Colleagues helmud7543. They can also arise on the so-called carrier. bad logical sectors. In addition, such events are also counted in SMART, i.e. parameter E4 (Power-Off Retract Cycle - Number of times the automatic mechanical protection has been triggered as a result of power loss.). Although it is not very critical, you should avoid such situations frequently occurring.

I took it into account, fortunately logical damage can be removed (entries in SMART not necessarily).

In rare cases, you can have a bit more trouble when the power goes out in the following situations:
- Updating the BIOS, UEFI and other device firmware. To be repaired depending on the hardware (boot blocks in the BIOS, dual BIOS, second graphics card to boot the computer, in order to revive the one with the crashed BIOS).
- When the disk is working on its firmware (errors or logical SA damage) - but you really need to be out of luck. Rather not fixable at home.

niewiadow wrote:

Is there any specific program to clean up bad sectors?

Overwrite, any method (Victoria, MHDD, partition managers with overwrite / reset / irretrievable deletion function and any other programs with such function).

Okay thanks for the explanations, they were very helpful and I already know what and how