I have not seen a book that teaches analog design process. To me it is more like an art using techniques and building blocks picked up over the years. The closest I have seen to teaching process is reading a book like Bob Pease's Troubleshooting Analog Circuits which is filled with his (highly regarded) thoughts on why his approach is what it is. http://www.amazon.com/Troubleshooting-Analog-Circuits-Design-Engineers/dp/0750694998
Now if you are looking to learn about the building blocks, you would be interesed in filters, computing circuits, and transistor level design. A lot of this info is available from device manufactureres:
So it's rather assembling building blocks than synthesizing a whole circuit from zero. I thought we can derive a circuit from the mathematical equations that describe the system, for example output to input signal transfer function.