BLDC motor torque formula: meaning of total number of turns in the slot (ns) and Ns

In BLDC motor torque calculations, the parameter "total number of turns in the slot" (ns) refers to the actual count of wire turns wound around each stator slot. This value is distinct from Ns, which denotes the total number of slots in the motor. Ns is a fixed design parameter, while ns depends on the winding process and is determined by the manufacturer or the motor builder. For custom-built motors, ns is known precisely since the winding is performed manually, allowing direct control over the number of turns per slot. Typically, ns is not calculated from Ns but is a design choice based on desired motor characteristics and winding specifications. Detailed datasheets may provide ns, but often it must be measured or defined during motor construction. Understanding ns is crucial for accurate torque estimation, as it directly influences the magnetic flux and electromagnetic torque generation.
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