I have been saying for years that rust can be painted even with watercolors . What matters is the effect, which means that no rust is visible. The corrosion process continues under the coating. I guess it's mainly about steel, cast iron, etc. Unfortunately, each layer of oxidized material has to be removed to relatively stop the process. And these rust-inhibiting paints have the property that they form a thick film that sticks to the material better, creating an impression of correctness. As for rust removers, I recently bought something from Leroy, that when I left the rim wet to remove rust stains, the next day I had everything red (rusted). I still believe a bit in CORTANIN, which, however, seems to have disappeared from the market. He was probably too good.