In colloquial language, a battery is a disposable cell that throws away when exhausted, so such a battery is not charged.
The picture shows a lithium-ion or lithium-polymer battery, which can be charged with a ready-made charger for batteries in cylindrical housings (you have to fiddle with connecting to the battery socket) or buy a charger with the TP4056 chip sold in stores, mail-order stores and auction sites for PLN 5 . The charger has a micro USB socket to which the phone's power supply is connected (pot. charger and nobody minds that the charger is connected to the charger, so we have a square charger?) And on the edge of the board there are soldering pads to which you can solder wires coming from battery or some additional device used to connect the battery to the charger² for the duration of charging.
The TP4056 chip can charge the battery with one of several selectable currents. The author should check it in the documentation of the TP4056 chip. There is even a lead for connecting a thermistor measuring the temperature of the charged battery, but it may not be used on the board.
The battery should be charged with a maximum current of 1C or 500mA (capacity 550mAh).