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LTSpice circuit symbols for VCM, Vg, VCC, and C infinite—what do they represent?

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How do I represent VCM, Vg, VCC, and Cinf in LTSpice for this circuit, and is my schematic setup correct?

VCM and VCC are DC voltage sources, Vg is the AC or sine input source, and Cinf is a coupling capacitor that should behave like a short circuit at the signal frequency, so it must be large enough that its reactance is tiny compared with R1 [#21684366][#21684379] Your schematic is almost right, but the bases of Q1 and Q2 must be driven by voltage sources and VCC also must come from a DC source [#21684366] For an initial simulation, use VCC = 10 V, VCM about half of VCC, and make the Vg amplitude smaller than VCM [#21684366] With a 1 kHz sine source, the capacitor value should be chosen so it does not appreciably attenuate the signal; one reply recommends making it large enough that its reactance is negligible compared with the 15 kΩ load [#21684374][#21684379] If you want a gain around 1500, one analysis in the thread suggests R2 around 0.97 MΩ and a very small input amplitude, about 0.05 mV peak, to avoid clipping [#21684381][#21684382]
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Topic summary

✨ The discussion focuses on implementing a transistor-based operational transconductance amplifier circuit in LTSpice, clarifying the roles and symbols of VCM, Vg, VCC, and Cinf. VCC and VCM are DC voltage sources, with VCC typically set at 10 V and VCM at half of VCC (e.g., 1.5 V). Vg is an AC sine wave input, commonly at 1 kHz frequency with a small amplitude (recommended around 0.05 mV peak) to avoid output saturation. Cinf is a capacitor intended to act as a short circuit at the signal frequency, decoupling DC components and ensuring proper AC gain. The gain (Av) target is 1500, calculated using transistor transconductance (Gm) and current gain (beta), with formulas relating collector currents and resistor values. R1 is fixed at 15 kΩ, while R2 is calculated to set the quiescent collector current, approximately 970 kΩ for the desired gain. The circuit's performance depends on transistor parameters, including beta (e.g., 515.4 for PNP BC857C and 524.9 for NPN BC847C) and thermal matching. Simulation challenges include obtaining expected sine wave outputs and avoiding flat-line signals, addressed by adjusting input amplitude, capacitor sizing, and verifying current waveforms. The discussion also emphasizes analyzing the circuit from output to input, considering transistor currents and voltages, and ensuring component values align with transistor maximum ratings and desired operating points.
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FAQ

TL;DR: Set Vg ≈ 0.05 mV and use 1 kHz; “1 kHz is a good signal frequency to use.” Configure sources for VCC/DC, VCM/DC, Vg/SINE, and make Cinf large so it’s near-short at 1 kHz. [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684382] Why it matters: This FAQ helps LTSpice users wire OTA-style test benches correctly and hit target small-signal gain without clipping.

Quick-Facts

Quick Facts

What do VCM, Vg, VCC, and Cinf mean in this LTSpice schematic?

VCC is the supply DC source. VCM is a DC common‑mode bias. Vg is the AC (SINE) input source. Cinf is the output coupling capacitor sized to act like a short at your test frequency, isolating DC at the load. [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684366]

How should I place the sources in LTSpice to make it simulate?

Use independent voltage sources: one DC source for VCC, one DC source for VCM feeding both transistor bases, and one SINE source for Vg at the input. Ensure polarities match the schematic and reference grounds correctly. “Both inputs to Q1 and Q2 need to be voltage sources.” [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684366]

What starter values work for first‑run simulations?

Set VCC = 10 V. Set VCM ≈ VCC/2. Choose Vg as a small SINE. Keep Vg amplitude well below VCM. Pick R1 = 15 kΩ. Then sweep R2 to set quiescent currents and gain. This gets you a clean baseline. [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684366]

How big should Cinf be at 1 kHz so it behaves like “infinite C”?

Pick Cinf so its reactance is tiny versus 15 kΩ at 1 kHz. In practice, select C so XC ≤ 1/10 of R1 at 1 kHz to minimize AC loss and DC coupling. “Cinf behaves as a short‑circuit at the frequency of Vg.” [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684379]

What Vg settings reduce errors and clipping?

Use 1 kHz and a very small amplitude. A practical pick is Vg_peak ≈ 0.05 mV. This keeps the stage in small-signal operation and avoids saturating current mirrors during bring‑up. “1 kHz is a good signal frequency to use.” [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684382]

How do I compute R2 to target Av ≈ 1500 with R1 = 15 kΩ?

With Ic(Q7)=Ic(Q8)≈(VCC−VBE)/R2 and β(Q5)≈500, gm≈40·Ic(Q2). The chain gain gives Av≈gm·β(Q5)·R1. Solving yields R2 ≈ 0.97 MΩ for Av ≈ 1500 at the stated betas and R1. “Vout/Vg = 1500 volts/volt.” [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684381]

Why do I see a flat line at the output?

Check that the base inputs are true voltage sources and that Cinf is large enough. Plot Ic(Q1–Q4), Ib(Q5), and Ic(Q5) versus time. If currents are flat, your sources or biasing are miswired or Vg is too small to observe. [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684387]

What limits my maximum undistorted output with R2 ≈ 0.97 MΩ?

Pulldown is limited by Q8’s current, about 10 µA. That caps Vout_peak near 0.15 V across 15 kΩ. Keep Vg_peak under ~0.1 mV to avoid clipping. This is the key small‑signal edge case in this topology. [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684381]

How do I pick R2 if my transistor Ic_max is known?

Design quiescent Ic to around Ic_max/10 for small‑signal devices. Choose R2 so mirror currents land in the 1–10 mA range unless your load forces lower currents. This sets gm and usable swing before clipping. [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684371]

What does “operational transconductance amplifier” (OTA) imply here?

It behaves like an OTA core: input voltage modulates transconductance, producing an output current into the load. You can lower R2 to boost current headroom, then control closed‑loop gain with added resistors and capacitors. [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684376]

Can I stabilize and set gain without huge R2 sensitivity?

Yes. Reduce R2 to raise bias currents and add two resistors and two capacitors to establish closed‑loop gain and bandwidth. This prevents current‑limit clipping while meeting target Av in practice. [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684385]

Do LTSpice units differ from SPICE?

No. LTSpice uses standard SPICE units and models. You can export a classic SPICE netlist. “They’re mostly running a standard SPICE engine under the graphical interface.” [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684383]

What frequency should I test at if I only need a quick check?

Use 1 kHz. It is high enough for quick time‑domain observation and low enough for manageable capacitor sizes. “1 kHz is a good signal frequency to use.” [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684382]

Quick 3‑step: How do I verify small‑signal gain in LTSpice?

  1. Set VCC=10 V, VCM=5 V, Vg=SINE(0 50µV 1k).
  2. Choose Cinf so XC≪15 kΩ at 1 kHz; set R2≈0.97 MΩ.
  3. Run .tran; plot V(out)/Vg and Ic(Q2), Ib(Q5), Ic(Q5) to confirm ≈1500× and linearity. [Elektroda, Anonymous, post #21684381]
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