In my opinion, the "perimeter" installation is almost correct.
Almost because in solid fuel furnaces there is such a thing as a safety pipe, this is the pipe that comes from the top of the stove and should go all the way to the expansion tank without any sharp kinks etc but in this case it is not essential.
Your problem is likely due to one of the following:
a) air in the installation
b) dirty filter
c) damaged pump
d) a suspended non-return valve
How to solve it:
ad1) turn off the stove, turn off the pump (if it is turned on manually), add water to the system until it overflows through the overflow,
vent from the stove side to the furthest radiator, do it several times and slowly
ad2) turn off the pump, close the valves at the pump (the red ones), unscrew the filter (under the bottom valve), clean, tighten, open the valves
ad3) How to check?
turn off the pump, close the valves, unscrew the four screws from the front of the pump (probably allen screws) check that the impeller is not broken and that it rotates when the pump is on
ad4) It has never happened to me, but it may as well.
Lightly tapping the valve sometimes helps. If this does not help, the water is drained from the system and replaced with a new one.
Good luck