How can I convert my 4 kW on-grid PV inverter to an off-grid or hybrid setup, and what happens if the inverter is asked to deliver more than its rated power?
A plain off-grid inverter is not a good conversion target here; if its power limit is exceeded, it simply turns off, so the load goes dark [#18382518][#18384791] The thread’s main recommendation is to switch to a hybrid/storage-capable solution instead, where PV surplus charges batteries and the grid can cover any deficit; several replies point to Victron-style systems or similar hybrids as the practical route [#18384791][#18387522] One option mentioned is Victron EcoMulti/MultiPlus, including an EcoMulti version without a battery, with the existing on-grid inverter kept in place and the hybrid system providing the “grid” signal; if there is too much PV power, frequency-based dynamic limiting can reduce the PV inverter output [#18387522] Another suggested option is a hybrid inverter such as Skymax or a similar on/off-grid unit, but the important part is that it must be battery/hybrid capable, not a simple grid-tie inverter [#18381677][#18384791] If you can rewire the PV strings, dividing the panels into two rows was suggested to reduce string voltage, but one reply notes that roof/legal constraints may make that impractical [#18382172]
Hello, I will briefly describe my problem. I now have a 4 kW ongrid inverter for two PV inputs with 8 panels per input, the panels are connected in series, the maximum input voltage of the inverter is 550 V. The installation is in the UK I cannot resell the current. returning electricity to the network it is possible to replace the inverter or some modernization panels must be connected in series, please give me some suggestions I thought about it https://rover.ebay.com/rover/0/0/0?mpre=https%3A%2F % 2Fwww.ebay.co.uk% 2Fulk% 2Fitm% 2F392304696461 But I don't know if it's a good idea for modernization, I can spend up to PLN 10,000. I have one more question, if I converted to this inverter from the link above or a similar Offgrid, if I want to get more power than the maximum given on the inverter, what can be done from the network, it will limit the power to the maximum, it will turn off or what, because I can not read
I was looking for a Powland company / brand and a product isoar sml II 5kW on the internet and no results except auctions, so of course: no documentation. This could be an argument against this product. On the page of this product on the most popular Chinese auction site ... / item / 33024357811.html in the "monitoring interface" section, you can find pictures corresponding to the 5 operating modes of the device. We are interested in 2 of them "line mode" and "battery mode" are mutually exclusive, no picture corresponding to "battery mode with line support" or something like that.
Look for Skymax, for example, here https://www.sklep.asat.pl/pl/c/Inwertery-falźniki-hybrydowe-on-off-grid/78 some of this forum use and praise themselves, and do you have batteries? or a normal hybrid, some solax, goodwe or something like that, only the price of the battery knocks you off your feet
There is a seller on Allegro who makes off-grid devices, I have a heater driver from him that gives alternating current, a rectangle and a charger for high voltage PV batteries up to 300V at 12V DC. When I talked with him, he could make a device that, using the current from the panels, gives 230V pure sine output and the missing current is taken from the network. Batteries for PV are expensive to buy, cheaper will be a large boiler that will collect electricity from surplus in the form of heat, and hot water is needed every day. https://allegro.pl/uzytkownik/Wojtek959?bmatch=baseline-cl-dict43-uni-1-2-1127
There is a seller on Allegro who makes off-grid devices, I have a heater driver from him that gives alternating current, a rectangle and a charger for high voltage PV batteries up to 300V at 12V DC. When I talked with him, he could make a device that, using the current from the panels, gives 230V pure sine output and the missing current is taken from the network. Batteries for PV are expensive to buy, cheaper will be a large boiler that will collect electricity from surplus in the form of heat, and hot water is needed every day. https://allegro.pl/uzytkownik/Wojtek959?bmatch=baseline-cl-dict43-uni-1-2-1127
. This proposal is out of the water I have on the two-system Bosza Gas and so far I have not touched the power outage for 8 years, it is up to 300v, but following this path I thought to buy some solar charger Mppt for input up to 550V 48v output to Aku from this to the on grid inverter with a limiter, but the solar charger itself costs more than the converter
Added after 17 [minutes]:
noja102 wrote:
Look for Skymax, for example, here https://www.sklep.asat.pl/pl/c/Inwertery-falźniki-hybrydowe-on-off-grid/78 some of this forum use and praise themselves, and do you have batteries? or a normal hybrid, some solax, goodwe or something like that, only the price of the battery knocks you off your feet
. Hello, I do not have a battery yet because these are plans and I have to rethink it, because I do not know what options to choose ongrid limiter or Offgrid, I still do not have an answer to my last question regarding the consumption of more power from the zinverter Off grid if I do not get an answer, I will call, the proposal is ok just a bit high price and still done in Chrl
This proposal is out of the water I have on the two-system Bosza Gas and so far I have not touched the power outage for 8 years, it is up to 300v, but following this path I thought to buy some solar charger Mppt for input up to 550V 48v output to Aku from this to the on grid inverter with a limiter, but the solar charger itself costs more than the converter
This device can run continuously, although it is a simplified alternative to hybrid inverters. You can easily lower the tension on the panels by dividing them into two rows. If not the boiler, then only the batteries remain, and this is an additional cost. Count whether the savings you get on battery energy will cover what you spend on the hybrid inverter, batteries and their replacement after some time. Batteries are also efficient.
This proposal is out of the water I have on the two-system Bosza Gas and so far I have not touched the power outage for 8 years, it is up to 300v, but following this path I thought to buy some solar charger Mppt for input up to 550V 48v output to Aku from this to the on grid inverter with a limiter, but the solar charger itself costs more than the converter
This device can run continuously, although it is a simplified alternative to hybrid inverters. You can easily lower the tension on the panels by dividing them into two rows. If not the boiler, then only the batteries remain, and this is an additional cost. Count whether the savings you get on battery energy will cover what you spend on the hybrid inverter, batteries and their replacement after some time. Batteries are also efficient.
. You are right, but I cannot disconnect the panels on the roof legal issues grindil in the Uk loan I do not have room for a boiler for this plumber and permits I cannot do it myself because I may have problems afterwards when someone picks me up ......
You will not find a cheap solution, if you want to heat your house with electricity or have power outages every now and then, the game would be worth the candle. Think about whether the investment of such an amount is really worth what you get, because the answer is probably NO. Better to spend it on vacation
The installation is in the UK, I cannot resell the electricity
I do not know what the law is in the UK, but what is happening with the electricity fed into the energy sector ?? is gone?
The question is, is this on-grid single-phase at home?
As for me, the solution can be one, replacing the inverter with a hybrid battery, but you need to look for one that has the priority of charging the battery and then putting it into the network. The point is that the excess electricity should charge the battery for the night. You can also try to divide the installation into 2kW on-grid and 2kW on off-grid -> in summer, in winter, switch everything to the on-grid because there is not enough sun to use the off-grid. But as you know it is different with batteries, I personally would not buy new batteries (unless there are some shutdowns non-stop, but it's a better aggregate anyway)
It is best to charge a firefighter with power and energy in DHW because it will not wear out after some time
adam12 wrote:
my last question regarding the consumption of more power from the inverter Off grid j
when the power of the off-grid inverter is exceeded, it simply turns off
I know that it will not be cheap but the prices of the equipment are falling and the electricity is growing what I have to give electricity to the network for free and be robbed and still pay off the loan I bought a house with panels I had no choice and the previous owner did not register for electricity surcharges the deadline expired 3 years ago now it is installed as used and does not qualify, therefore it searches the internet every now and then to find a solution what do you think about it Check out this product on Alibaba App Off grid grid tie inverter with limiter https://f2rq3.app.goo.gl?link=https://app.ali...a%253A%252F%252Fdetail%253Fid%253D62257574732 253Dshare_detail% 26ck% 3Dshare_detail% 26shareScene% 3Dbuyer & apn = com.alibaba.intl.android.apps.poseidon & ibi = com.alibaba.sourcing & isi = 503451073 & amv = 69 https://www.anern.net/1ct.show-51-17
Added after 37 [minutes]:
hostii wrote:
adam12 wrote:
The installation is in the UK, I cannot resell the electricity
I do not know what the law is in the UK, but what is happening with the electricity fed into the energy sector ?? is gone?
The question is, is this on-grid single-phase at home?
As for me, the solution can be one, replacing the inverter with a hybrid battery, but you need to look for one that has the priority of charging the battery and then putting it into the network. The point is that the excess electricity should charge the battery for the night. You can also try to divide the installation into 2kW on-grid and 2kW on off-grid -> in summer, in winter, switch everything to the on-grid because there is not enough sun to use the off-grid. But as you know it is different with batteries, I personally would not buy new batteries (unless there are some shutdowns non-stop, but it's a better aggregate anyway)
It is best to charge a firefighter with power and energy in DHW because it will not wear out after some time
adam12 wrote:
my last question regarding the consumption of more power from the inverter Off grid j
when the power of the off-grid inverter is exceeded, it simply turns off
But this Skymax has the priority of charging the battery and not sending power to the grid, it selects energy on the fly when there is not enough battery left. Read a little about him, it's a matter of settings in the software
Hello, I read again about this Skymax and there is one drawback, and in fact, it applies to all hybrid Off Ongrid inverters, looking at the connection diagram of these inverters to the home installation in all diagrams, the Load Load is connected to the inverter (output) and the network from the main Utility meter to the input, i.e. in series, meanwhile, in the ongrid inverters, Load and the network are together. Looking at the technical specifications of the inverter, e.g. 3Kw max current 17A, so the question is what is my guarantee that if I exceed 17A, the inverter will not turn off. Quote from the host post "when the power of the Off-grid inverter is exceeded, it simply turns off" as I understand it, it is a hybrid, i.e. Off-Ongrid, but connected to home installations like Off-grid, so what will be dark or what?!?. For the host it is a 1 phase Ongrid all in the link I have given above.
the previous owner did not register for electricity surcharges the deadline expired 3 years ago now the installation is used and does not qualify
The rechargeable solution is expensive, so you should consider all other options. What you wrote above is incomprehensible. Subsidies are completely different than settling accounts with an energy supplier. You have to analyze it first, because we will not help you here (we know what it looks like in Poland). What is happening with the donated energy now? retracts the counter? is gone? are they punishing you for it? the energy given away is counted as consumption? Can you change operator? to change the contract to a more advantageous one?
In your considerations you are confusing the two terms off-grid and grid-tie. Complete off-grid is when you are completely disconnected from the grid - and may not even be there. You cannot return anything, but you cannot download anything. You have a blackout when overloaded. Grid-tie is then (simplifiedly adapted to your solution) when you have a connection to the grid, but the inverter manipulates the production of energy to have zero feed-back into the grid, charges the excess into the batteries and after the sun goes out, it produces as much as you need and as much from the batteries as you need. batteries - then uninterruptedly (*) begins to take energy from the network. Also in case of overload, it switches without interruption (*) to the network to prevent back-out. * there are various solutions here, but hybrid inverters, if they have a network, can produce and be online at the same time, they give as much as they can, but if there is a lack, these deficiencies are filled from the network.
Read about Victron solutions - it will guide you to what you need to repair. I also recommend the videoblog Microgeneration (a bit chaotic but ...) a similar case (Ireland) a little bigger solution but it's worth watching. Here Victron is used as a controller and regulator of a typical on-grid installation and adapting it to work off-grid and grid-tie https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RW4PVrxeN9c
What is happening to the donated energy now? Retracts the counter? Lost? They charge you a penalty for it? The donated energy is counted as consumption? Can you change operator? Change the contract to a more advantageous one? Now the energy is gone, the meter does not go back, I do not have a penalty, the energy returned is not counted because the solar meter is not read I was ZE as I reported and registered the meters and asked if they were paying for electricity from the panels, they said that they did not even care about reading because how an electrician comes to read it, he only looks at his meter at home in the payment system, they have me because on the electricity bill I have an installment for the loan for the panels with these surcharges I expressed myself badly, I meant registration in the settlement system myself, I do not get it all but register on the English forum, maybe just a massacre will help me. .html # msg340729 I actually confused the terms, thanks for the correction, but you led me to a new trail, maybe we could use this inverter somehow. This guy has such suggestions https: //www.nav itron.org.uk/forum/index.php?topic=18803.0&gclid=CjwKCAiA0svwBRBhEiwAHqKjFhjqZtF7CQtpFVDeV0E93cTv9fvMIZAGNtyMwCudNSa1MGSeV4f60BoDCHBwE60BoDCHBwE60
Nice forum, I explore there a bit. I will be expanding the installation and I wonder what direction to go in order to be ready for various changes to the legislation in Poland. Who knows what the politicians will get us in?
But I would also like to be able to add batteries in the future and store as much energy as possible. Except that I have a three-phase installation, and this complicates the topic a bit.
the energy is lost, the meter does not reset, I do not have a penalty, the energy returned is not counted because the solar meter is not read
We do not know the solutions implemented in the UK. Would it be easier if a colleague Adam12 could confirm that the "solar meter" is located in the installation in series "behind" the basic (ordinary) meter and parallel to the other energy receivers in the apartment? If so, we have an ordinary ON-grid that many of us use in Poland, in which we lose only a part of the energy produced and if we want to recover the rest, we must use - home energy storage cooperating with ON-grid, e.g. as described in post # 16 or - hybrid inverter with batteries and here (depending on the type of inverter) the problem of overloading the inverter may appear
A more interesting and worse situation would be if the PV is not connected together with the energy receivers in the apartment, it is part of the installation belonging to a third party, etc. / etc, and then the loss is 100% and you definitely need to legally straighten it.
the energy is lost, the meter does not reset, I do not have a penalty, the energy returned is not counted because the solar meter is not read
We do not know the solutions implemented in the UK. Would it be easier if a colleague Adam12 could confirm that the "solar meter" is located in the installation in series "behind" the basic (ordinary) meter and parallel to the other energy receivers in the apartment? If so, we have an ordinary ON-grid that many of us use in Poland, in which we lose only a part of the energy produced and if we want to recover the rest, we must use - home energy storage cooperating with ON-grid, e.g. as described in post # 16 or - hybrid inverter with batteries and here (depending on the type of inverter) the problem of overloading the inverter may appear
A more interesting and worse situation would be if the PV is not connected together with the energy receivers in the apartment, it is part of the installation belonging to a third party, etc. / etc, and then the loss is 100% and you definitely need to legally straighten it.
. The solar meter is plugged in behind the main meter, as in the on-grid there are no third parties
Added after 1 [hours] 8 [minutes]:
Update: Ready to install https://www.victronenergy.pl/solar-pv-inverters/ecomulti[/quote]. And this is what I need a high price but acceptable because with batteries and this is it I use my inverter I think it would be nice to find the same or similar but working on this principle but without batteries with the possibility of external connection because I have some 2Kw lithium-ion batteries from dyson, makita, if it's not, it's hard and I'm happy with the result assembly without major modifications if you have something to add, then go ahead because I'm waiting a week then I'll start negotiating the price of Ps to Jurek parus it is also suitable for 3-phase installation you only have to buy 3 because the price will increase but who knows, maybe it will be cheaper in the future
On the Victron website you can find an article by a user who compiled a similar installation. https://www.victronenergy.com/live/eco_multi:start I admit that I did not have time to understand why in this automation there is only one current sensor at the output of the PV.
It would be nice to find the same or similar but working on this principle, but without batteries with the possibility of external connection because I have some 2Kw lithium-ion batteries from dyson, makita
There is also an EcoMulti version without a battery. There is also no problem to assemble such a configuration on the Multi Plus Victron - here they packed the standard MultiPlus (one of them) with batteries and their monitor in one housing and have it ready. The advantage of solving them is that you leave the standard on-grid inverter (*) and after switching to the off-grid mode, it still works - because Victron gives it the network, if there is a lot of sun, it will even charge the batteries - still remaining off-grid. When the net comes, it will sync nicely and connect to the net. * the inverter must have a dynamic limitation of the produced power, frequency-controlled - if there is too much energy, the Victron increases the frequency of the grid, which is to reduce the energy generated by the solar inverter
You can probably achieve a similar configuration on Chinese hybrid inverters - you connect the solar panels to the hybrid inverter, you attach the batteries and you put the current inverter on ebay. But not absolute certainty - and the Victron is in a class of its own.
And what brand does this on-grid inverter currently have? Colleague "adam12", because not only victronenergy, it offers solutions for of-grid, if it has, for example; SMA, Sunny Island 4.4M would be better
And what brand does this on-grid inverter currently have? Colleague "adam12", because not only victronenergy, it offers solutions for of-grid, if it has, for example; SMA, Sunny Island 4.4M would be better
From the photo and description, it would appear that this installation is live and working, so if we use this energy on an ongoing basis during production, there will be auto consumption and there will be some savings, and if we are not at home at that time, you can program some energy-consuming appliances such as washing machine, dishwasher.
(here you would need photos of energy meters, switchboard so that you could recreate a diagram and confirm that this on-grid installation is connected to the switchboard behind the energy meter looking from the connection side and that the load is connected to the same phase from which the inverter is powered )
and if it is like @ adam12 writes "Now the energy is gone. the meter does not reverse, I do not have a penalty, the energy returned is not counted because the solar meter is not read" then it will not lose anything more and maybe it will be better to leave it as it is than invest in batteries and a hybrid inverter and wait for it to pay for itself, if it does
Well, as in the photo with a stick I showed two wires that go to the solar meter and to the 100A fuse which is in the heel behind the main meter, one thing makes me wonder what are the seals on the solar meter for if it is connected to the main meter, I need to explain what kaman for now therefore I will refrain from making changes (but suggestions are welcome). This year I will be installing an intelligent meter, I will see if it is moving back because, apparently, in 50% of people who have solar panels, there is this problem with turning back the meter, which according to power industry is bad and you should wait with the installation until they deal with this problem. As for the energy efficiency of the inverter, it gave 3.5kw / h when it was summer, you think that if I changed it, something would improve significantly, I know that it is not the first youth, but it was Installed about 7 years ago. As for Growatt offer, it is also not cheap on Ebay for a drug with a Lion 5kw battery, they call 1400f victron, I can have 1000f without a battery, so there is a dispute because it is not known what condition the battery is in. 947363BB-4...AB446.jpeg (18.87 kB)You must be logged in to download this attachment.
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Welcome to those willing to experiment and tinker.
There is a contradictory answer to the above question on go...le. Quote:
"Unfortunately this is not possible. An on-grid photovoltaic inverter is not a voltage source, it is a current source, which means that it cannot operate without a load. All the energy generated in the inverter must either be consumed on the fly or pushed out to the grid."
According to the above, if I connect a 3 kW heater under each phase to the 3-phase inverter I have, Growatt 10000TL3-S, then in full sunlight - if not at full power, then at least partially - they should heat?
The problem is that this unit displays error 124 (no mains) and does not start.
My question to the experts.
How do I simulate the grid or how do I configure it to only start up on DC power with no grid?
✨ The discussion addresses converting a 4 kW on-grid inverter with two PV inputs (8 panels each, series connected, max input voltage 550 V) installed in the UK, into an off-grid or hybrid system. The user cannot export electricity to the grid due to regulatory and contractual constraints and seeks advice on inverter replacement or modernization within a budget of PLN 10,000. Various solutions are considered, including hybrid inverters with battery storage, solar chargers with MPPT input up to 550 V, and off-grid inverters with power limiting features. Challenges include legal restrictions on modifying panel connections, lack of space for thermal storage (boiler), and high battery costs. The discussion highlights the difference between off-grid (fully disconnected) and grid-tied systems, emphasizing that on-grid inverters require grid presence to operate and cannot function as voltage sources independently. Hybrid inverters like Victron EcoMulti and Skymax are recommended for their battery charging priority and grid synchronization capabilities. The Victron EcoMulti system supports off-grid operation with or without batteries and dynamic power limitation via grid frequency control. The user also explores options for integrating existing lithium-ion batteries from other devices. Concerns about inverter current limits (e.g., 3 kW max current 17 A) and behavior when load exceeds inverter capacity are raised, with explanations that off-grid inverters may shut down if overloaded. The discussion also covers UK-specific metering issues where solar energy fed into the grid is not compensated, leading to financial losses. Suggestions include hybrid inverter replacement, partial off-grid setups, and energy consumption management to maximize self-use. The user shares photos of the current inverter and installation, noting its age (~7 years) and modest efficiency (~3.5 kW/h in summer). Alternative products from Chinese manufacturers and local sellers are mentioned but often lack documentation or have uncertain quality. Overall, the consensus is that converting an on-grid inverter to off-grid is complex, often requiring hybrid inverters with batteries, and legal and technical constraints must be carefully considered. Generated by the language model.
TL;DR: 85 % round-trip efficiency is typical for modern hybrid setups [IRENA 2023]; "exceed the inverter rating and it simply shuts down" [Elektroda, hostii, post #18382518] Converting a 4 kW on-grid system to off-grid means adding a battery-ready hybrid inverter or a certified power-diverter; grid-simulation hacks seldom pass G98 tests.
Why it matters: Done correctly, you can reclaim up to ~3 MWh of surplus PV per year instead of giving it away.
Quick Facts
• Existing array: 16 × ≈250 W panels ≈ 4 kW; string voltage peaks ≈ 550 V [Elektroda, adam12, post #18380901]
• UK G98 limit: 3.68 kW per single-phase export [ENA, 2018]
• Hybrid inverter price: £700–£1,200 per kW [IRENA 2023]
• Lithium battery cost: £400–£600 per kWh (10 kWh pack ≈ £5 k) [IRENA 2023]
• LFP cells give ~6,000 cycles at 80 % depth-of-discharge [BYD 2023]
Can I convert my 4 kW on-grid inverter to full off-grid operation?
Not directly. On-grid units are current sources and need a stable 230 V reference. You must add either 1) a battery-based hybrid inverter that forms its own mini-grid (Victron MultiPlus, SMA Sunny Island) or 2) a certified power-router that feeds only local loads. Attempting to run the existing inverter without a grid will trigger “no-mains” error 124 [Elektroda, mirkabis1, post #21499116]
What happens if my hybrid/off-grid inverter is overloaded beyond its 17 A (≈3.9 kW) rating?
It disconnects to protect itself. “When the power of the off-grid inverter is exceeded, it simply turns off” [Elektroda, hostii, post #18382518] Many models allow 110 % for 10 s, then trip; check your datasheet.
How do hybrid inverters prioritise battery charging over grid export?
Software menus let you pick “Battery-first” or “Self-consumption.” Skymax and InfiniSolar support this; users confirm the setting “on the fly when there is not enough battery” [Elektroda, noja102, post #18383277] Victron’s ESS mode uses a current clamp to hold export at 0 W while filling batteries [Victron manual].
Is it legal in the UK to dump surplus PV into the grid without a SEG contract?
Yes, but you are unpaid and may breach DNO export limits. If export exceeds 3.68 kW (G98) you must apply for G99 permission [ENA, 2018]. Unregistered export earns no tariff, so energy is “lost” as described by the user [Elektroda, adam12, post #18385315]
Are 550 V-input MPPT chargers available for 48 V batteries?
Yes. Commercial units like Victron SmartSolar 250/100 or Morningstar HV accept up to 600 V DC and output 48 V. Expect £800–£1,000 cost and 98 % peak efficiency [Morningstar, 2023].
Can I keep the roof wiring unchanged?
If the new MPPT can accept 550 V, you can leave strings intact. Otherwise, split the 16 panels into two 8-panel strings to halve voltage, as advised by forum members [Elektroda, anaba255, post #18382172]
What is a simple non-battery way to absorb surplus energy?
A proportional heater diverter like WattRouter ECO redirects up to 3 kW to a water cylinder or space heater, matching export in real time [SolarControls, 2023]. “Cheaper will be a large boiler that will collect electricity from surplus in the form of heat” [Elektroda, anaba255, post #18381856]
Will my smart meter run backwards?
Rarely. Most UK SMETS2 meters record export separately; older Ferraris disks did spin back. The poster’s meter “does not reset” so no credit is given [Elektroda, adam12, post #18385315]
How do Victron EcoMulti or Skymax integrate with an existing on-grid inverter?
They create a regulated 230 V micro-grid that the on-grid inverter treats as utility. A frequency-shift signal (53–54 Hz) forces the on-grid unit to curtail when batteries are full [Victron application note].
Can I trick an on-grid inverter to start without the grid present?
Only with a certified grid-forming source. A pure resistive dummy load fails because the inverter needs phase-locked voltage and anti-islanding tests. DIY simulators often fail its “5% impedance” check, keeping error 124 active [Elektroda, mirkabis1, post #21499116]
What does 5 kWh of lithium storage cost in 2025?
Typical 5 kWh LFP rack pack costs £2,000–£3,000, or ~£500 per kWh, 14 % lower than 2022 prices [IRENA 2023].
Edge case: what if the battery BMS opens during full sun?
The hybrid inverter may overshoot DC bus voltage and trigger “High DC V” fault, halting PV until a manual reset—a known failure mode in early Growatt SP2000 units [Growatt service note, 2021].
How efficient is a charge-discharge cycle?
Round-trip efficiency is 85–90 % for modern LFP packs at 25 °C [IRENA 2023]. A daily 3 kWh cycle loses about 0.45 kWh as heat.
Can I split the array into 2 kW on-grid and 2 kW off-grid?
Yes. Hostii suggested summer off-grid / winter on-grid switching [Elektroda, hostii, post #18382518] Keep separate DC isolators and follow G98 rules for the on-grid share.
How do I set up a heater diverter in three steps?
Clip the supplied CT sensor to the incoming live conductor. 2. Wire the diverter output to an immersion heater or resistive load up to 3 kW. 3. In the menu, set export limit to 10 W; the device modulates power every 1 s to match surplus.
