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TL;DR

  • A stereo power amplifier built from NE5532 operational amplifiers replaces a conventional power stage with an op-amp-based experiment.
  • Each channel uses four op-amps in the voltage stage, 64 op-amps in parallel as the output buffer, and one op-amp for DC-servo control.
  • The supply is stabilized at +/-18 V with LM338 regulators, and speaker protection uses a uPC1237 circuit.
  • The finished amplifier delivers 2×14 W into 8 ohms and sounds detailed, clean, and surprisingly strong in the bass.
  • Cooling matters, because the regulators dissipate a lot of heat and the op-amps reach about 45-50°C during operation.
Summary generated by AI based on the discussion content.
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📢 Listen (AI):
  • Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka

    It may seem ridiculous, but you can build an interesting power amplifier from ordinary operational amplifiers (with the right amount of them). :)

    From this "miracle" I achieve 2×14 W on a load of 8 ohms. Maybe this value is not shocking, but considering what we get it from, it's probably not a little bit.

    First things first.
    This project was created only as an experiment, made out of curiosity.
    The source of inspiration for this project was an article by Douglas Self in the Elektor magazine (issues 10 and 11 of 2010). Whereas the design of my headphone amplifier ( link ) served as a fitting for this very crazy project.

    However, my project is not an exact copy of the mentioned article. I simplified it a bit in my experiment. I resigned from balanced inputs and the possibility of connecting both channels into a bridge. I made the security system on uPC1237, and the stabilizers on LM338.

    I assembled the whole amplifier on three boards. One containing stabilized power supplies, supplying +/-18 V, and a loudspeaker protection system. The other two contain amplifiers for each channel. Each channel contains 4 operational amplifiers in the voltage amplifier part, 64 operational amplifiers connected in parallel working as an output buffer and one op-amp operating in the DC-servo system.

    Tile schemes:

    Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka

    A few photos of the assembled layout:

    Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka

    Now maybe a few words about the impressions of the final effects.
    Overall, I perceive the amplifier very positively from the listening point of view. The presented sound is quite detailed, clean without coloration. I was surprised by the quality of the bass, but in my opinion it is due to the quality of the power supply (stabilizers).

    For now, I do not plan to use this project for a specific purpose, but I also do not rule it out in the future. However, it is quite interesting in terms of sound.
    However, if someone wanted to use something like this for a specific purpose, remember to ensure proper cooling. Unfortunately, the stabilizers have to dissipate quite a lot of heat, and even the operational amplifiers themselves heat up to about 45-50 degrees Celsius during such operation.

    Something about parameters.
    Output power with simultaneous control of both channels - 2×14W on 8 ohms .
    Other parameters are presented in the table below. Values for three different output powers 1W, 10W and 14W .

    Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka

    The author of the article mentioned at the beginning achieved slightly different parameters in his experiment:

    Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka

    The differences in the obtained parameters could have been influenced by the simplification of my system and the fact that I used the cheapest version of NE5532, because " P ".

    Cool? Ranking DIY
    About Author
    tytka
    Level 23  
    Offline 
    tytka wrote 761 posts with rating 1837, helped 8 times. Live in city Pabianice. Been with us since 2006 year.
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  • #2 20641055
    marweg1967
    Level 15  
    Posts: 171
    Help: 2
    Rate: 49
    tytka wrote:
    This project was created only as an experiment, made out of curiosity.
    The source of inspiration for this project was Douglas Self's article published in Elektor magazine (no. 10 and 11-2010).


    I read that article some time ago (although not in Elektor) and I was very interested in it. So much so that I also decided to implement this seemingly crazy project someday. Unfortunately, the word "someday" is crucial here, because I suffer from a chronic lack of time, and I only "grow" electronics as a hobby. But now my colleague cheered me on and I will have to change "someday" to "soon" :) Especially that the final effect (listening) is, according to my colleague, more than encouraging. By the way, I consider Douglas Self's publications excellent and it is a pity that none of them were published in Polish.

    Where did my colleague buy the working uPC1237?

    Regards!
  • #3 20641066
    rb401
    Level 39  
    Posts: 3002
    Help: 750
    Rate: 984
    tytka wrote:
    This project was created only as an experiment, made out of curiosity.
    The source of inspiration for this project was Douglas Self's article published in Elektor magazine (no. 10 and 11-2010). However, the design of my headphone amplifier (Link) served as a fitting for this crazy project.


    The concept seems older than 2010 to me.
    Your performance is very nice. I also like that you managed on a single-sided PCB.

    Such a curiosity. Recently, on Aliexpress, I also came across several such reactivations of this old idea. Actually, the power amplifier boards themselves.
    Unfortunately, I couldn't get to the details, diagram, etc. it's hard to refer to these offers.
    The interesting thing about the Chinese is that they offer some versions without amplifier cubes. The plates are fitted with precision sockets. And in the descriptions for complete performances, they boast that the picks are second-hand, i.e. stimulants. You can also see that they are reluctant to put on cheap ones from their market: brand new, 100% original, genuine.

    First from the shore, examples:
    Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka
    https://www.aliexpress.com/item/1005004652826097.html

    Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka
    https://www.aliexpress.com/item/1005001273625129.html
  • #4 20641108
    mkpl
    Level 37  
    Posts: 5672
    Help: 306
    Rate: 858
    Overall nice but for the fan and for fun.
    What did you measure with? Do you have a card reference measurement? Because you don't know where the measurement limits are. The second thing, do you have a differential measurement on the load or asymmetrically? The asymmetric measurement generates a ground loop from the card output through the amplifier, the ground cable to the load, and the card input ground. For me, changing the configuration improved the tip noise signal from 102dB of dynamics to 110dB.
    Similar parameters are achieved by simple power amplifiers based on transistors :) but they're not that impressive.
  • #5 20641164
    tytka
    Level 23  
    Posts: 761
    Help: 8
    Rate: 1837
    I also found similar modules on Aliexpress.
    Only they break everything into mini-blocks. Those boards that colleague rb401 pointed out are the output buffers themselves.
    They even offer such little things:

    Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka
    https://pl.aliexpress.com/item/1005003424837886.html?gatewayAdapt=glo2pol

    And this is an example of a voltage amplifier:
    Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka
    https://pl.aliexpress.com/item/1005004651433459.html?gatewayAdapt=glo2pol

    I bought working uPC1237 in China. Now only they produce these systems. But the fact is that shopping with them involves some risk.

    The measurement results, I know, are not impressive and I have already made transistor amplifiers that achieved better results in tests. But as I mentioned, I did not chase test results here (cheapest NE5532, etc.). It was more about listening to it.

    The measurement was made asymmetrically. I will post the reference measurement of the card in the evening.
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  • #6 20641319
    Urgon
    Level 38  
    Posts: 7281
    Help: 197
    Rate: 2632
    AVE...

    This is a very well made design, and an interesting concept, although usually parallel connection of operational amplifiers is practiced in order to reduce noise in ultra-sensitive measuring amplifiers. Parameters are great too. I would say that it is an audiophile construction, but I do not want to offend you. ;)
  • #7 20641991
    katakrowa
    Level 23  
    Posts: 902
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    Rate: 855
    Considering that for 5 USD we can buy 100 pieces of NE5532 in SMD, the project makes quite a lot of sense.
  • #8 20642013
    Urgon
    Level 38  
    Posts: 7281
    Help: 197
    Rate: 2632
    AVE...

    The only question is, are these cheap NE5532 originals or Chinese clones? If they are clones, do they therefore keep their parameters?
  • #9 20642042
    gulson
    System Administrator
    Posts: 29417
    Help: 150
    Rate: 6082
    Very interesting design, that's what DIY is for!
    Write to me in a parcel locker and I will be happy to send you a gift.
  • #10 20642244
    tytka
    Level 23  
    Posts: 761
    Help: 8
    Rate: 1837
    Here is the promised reference measurement of the card used for the measurements:

    Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka

    And as for the price with the NE5532 used.
    As I mentioned, I used the NE5532P from TI. I bought them at TME, with this amount (without any additional discounts) they came out below 1.9 gross per item.
  • #11 20642943
    pikarel
    Level 39  
    Posts: 5015
    Help: 409
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    This is real DIY, in an exemplary execution; that's what the DIY department is for.
    Now we are waiting for posts that will expose "non-compliance of the device made with the standards", buddy @tytka :)
  • #12 20642994
    austriackimalarz
    Level 26  
    Posts: 996
    Help: 83
    Rate: 266
    pikarel wrote:
    Now we are waiting for posts that will expose "non-compliance of the device made with the standards", buddy @tytka

    Who was calling me? ;)
    I really like this experiment. Generally, connecting several amplifiers in parallel eliminates noise, but ... without exaggeration ;P
    Maybe it's worth using amplifiers in SOT23-5 enclosures for a similar experiment? In addition, a 4-layer PCB would allow thousands of amplifiers to be mounted on a small surface.
    edit:
    Such an AS321KTR-G1, tiny, costs pennies, +-12V power supply.
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  • #13 20643516
    lechoo
    Level 39  
    Posts: 5161
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    tytka wrote:
    Here is the promised reference measurement of the card used for the measurements:

    Power amplifier on NE5532 - ty.ytka

    Can you reveal what you modified in UMC202HD to get such good parameters?
  • #14 20643524
    rb401
    Level 39  
    Posts: 3002
    Help: 750
    Rate: 984
    austriackimalarz wrote:
    Such an AS321KTR-G1, tiny, costs pennies, +-12V power supply.



    I strongly warn against using these cubes and others from the LM321, 358, 324 group in this construction.
    It's just that in these amplifiers, in applications where the output current changes direction, there is a moment when the output voltage "dies". And here in such a terminal there are ideal conditions for this phenomenon to occur and spoil all the advantages of this construction.
    More on this issue in this thread:
    https://www.elektroda.pl/rtvforum/topic3643822.html
  • #15 20643545
    tytka
    Level 23  
    Posts: 761
    Help: 8
    Rate: 1837
    @lechoo I limited the input path of this card to a minimum, because as it turns out, the factory Midas input amplifiers are a total flop and the reason for the imperfection of this card. I described my modification here: https://www.elektroda.pl/rtvforum/topic3655998.html
    Now, for security, I put some protection on the input. And this is after I recently burned the input AD8694.
  • #16 20643711
    marweg1967
    Level 15  
    Posts: 171
    Help: 2
    Rate: 49
    tytka wrote:
    @lechoo I limited the input path of this card to a minimum, because as it turns out, the factory Midas input amplifiers are a total flop and the reason for the imperfection of this card. I described my modification here: https://www.elektroda.pl/rtvforum/topic3655998.html
    Now, for security, I put some protection on the input. And this is after I recently burned the input AD8694.


    Will your colleague reveal details about this security? Input diodes? Because this Behringer really hums badly and I'm getting ready to etch the board to use the workaround described by a colleague (I already have parts). So I would add that security right away. You have to learn from your mistakes, preferably someone else's ;) By the way, I bought this Behringer instead of Focusrite, because the price "captivated" me. Well, the proverb that the cunning man loses twice has come true :(

    Regards!
  • #17 20644267
    kamil.b
    Level 12  
    Posts: 71
    Help: 2
    Rate: 12
    It is conceptually similar to this project:
    [youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkJqE-EsoWY
    [/youtube]
    Headphone amplifier based on NE5532

    Quite a neat design (both the author's and Phil's from the movie)
  • #18 20644781
    austriackimalarz
    Level 26  
    Posts: 996
    Help: 83
    Rate: 266
    rb401 wrote:
    I strongly warn against using these cubes and others from the LM321, 358, 324 group in this construction.
    It's just that in these amplifiers, in applications where the output current changes direction, there is a moment when the output voltage "dies". And here in such a terminal there are ideal conditions for this phenomenon to occur and spoil all the advantages of this construction.
    More on this issue in this thread:
    https://www.elektroda.pl/rtvforum/topic3643822.html

    Thanks for the information, I didn't know about that.
    I'm thinking... Let's give 4 sets of amplifiers powered from +-22V, let's connect them into 2 separate bridges. This would give 44Vpeak, which at 8 ohms will allow 100W of power draw from the amps.
    Now I have to find an operational amplifier cheap enough to meet the assumptions and with enough parameters to work in audio, so that I can afford to buy a few thousand pieces and create such a monster.
    I already have a transformer for it :D Also the GU-81M amplifier will wait, first something.
    I assume the simplest cooling - I will throw the whole thing into a sealed housing and flood it with a transformer, and possibly some computer cooler.

    EDIT:
    LM2904AQTH-13 in TSSOP-8 package.
  • #19 20645131
    rb401
    Level 39  
    Posts: 3002
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    austriackimalarz wrote:
    EDIT:
    LM2904AQTH-13 in TSSOP-8 package.


    This cube is basically the same as the LM358 and has the same characteristic of these specific distortions as this whole family.
    So it is definitely not suitable for this construction.
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  • #20 20645145
    austriackimalarz
    Level 26  
    Posts: 996
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    This generally looks like a feature of BJT-based amplifiers. Versions based on JFET transistors do not have such problems.
  • #21 20645984
    rb401
    Level 39  
    Posts: 3002
    Help: 750
    Rate: 984
    austriackimalarz wrote:
    This generally looks like a feature of BJT-based amplifiers. Versions based on JFET transistors do not have such problems.


    It's not about that at all. It's just that in the LM358 and types directly derived from this design, the final stage uses push-pull without quiescent current. And a situation arises where a certain time is needed to switch between the "upper" and "lower" transistors, which can be seen on the waveforms. In return, you gain low power consumption by these amplifiers. So generally, these are not cubes for push-pull work, but rather for work in class A, i.e. with asymmetrical load. But this is a matter of the adopted solution in this construction, not the manufacturing technology.
  • #22 20646018
    austriackimalarz
    Level 26  
    Posts: 996
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    Really. So I made the wrong conclusions. However, the LMV358, the low-voltage version of the circuit without the "V" which is free of this disadvantage, has no quiescent current per se, but is largely made of junction transistors.
    Well, I'm still looking, but it's hard.
  • #23 20646121
    tytka
    Level 23  
    Posts: 761
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    marweg1967 wrote:
    Will your colleague reveal details about this security?

    I will, but give me some time. There's one option already, but I'm thinking of another. I want to etch the tiles now and check it out. Then, after the tests, I will propose what and how.
  • #24 20646190
    marweg1967
    Level 15  
    Posts: 171
    Help: 2
    Rate: 49
    tytka wrote:
    marweg1967 wrote:
    Will your colleague reveal details about this security?

    I will, but give me some time. There's one option already, but I'm thinking of another. I want to etch the tiles now and check it out. Then, after the tests, I will propose what and how.

    In that case, I will wait with my plate for the results of your tests. Many thanks and best regards!
  • #25 20646218
    yogi009
    Level 43  
    Posts: 14697
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    An interesting approach to the construction of the power amplifier :-) The parameters will be very good, because the cube itself (despite the low price) is definitely musical. A big plus from me.
  • #26 20650788
    nyquist
    Level 26  
    Posts: 1240
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    Interesting design. I suspect that with the right power supply, the system can sound really good. A plus from me too.
    ps. Who will be tempted to build a similar power amplifier on the OPA627? ;-)
  • #27 20652360
    marweg1967
    Level 15  
    Posts: 171
    Help: 2
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    nyquist wrote:
    Who will be tempted to build a similar power amplifier on the OPA627?


    One channel for about 4 k PLN? Well, Lord, it's almost high-end. Something just in time for another block to the resurrected Unitra. ;)
    By the way, I wonder how it would look during blind listening compared to the work of the author of the topic.
  • #28 20652434
    tytka
    Level 23  
    Posts: 761
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    As already OPA627, I suggest in TO-99 housings :) with heat sinks on them, which would make sense from a cooling point of view.
    Unfortunately, then the cost of such an undertaking would even exceed the price of the new WSH-805 from Unitra.
  • #29 20652784
    Urgon
    Level 38  
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    AVE...

    You can use the SOIC version and do it on a double sided board. All circuits on one side, other components in the SMD variant on the other. Then, grease the amplifiers with thermal paste and screw the entire plate to the heatsink ...
  • #30 20652817
    tytka
    Level 23  
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    If a commercial version were to be created, such a solution should be seriously considered.
📢 Listen (AI):

Topic summary

✨ The discussion revolves around the construction of a power amplifier using the NE5532 operational amplifier, achieving a power output of 2×14 W at 8 ohms. The project, inspired by Douglas Self's article in Elektor magazine, is described as an experimental endeavor rather than a commercial product. Participants share insights on the design, including the use of a uPC1237 for protection and LM338 for voltage regulation. Various contributors express interest in replicating the project, discussing the challenges of sourcing components, particularly the NE5532, and the implications of using clones versus originals. The conversation also touches on measurement techniques, noise reduction through parallel connections of op-amps, and the practicality of such designs in audio applications. Some participants suggest alternative components and configurations, while others highlight the potential for high power outputs with larger setups.
Summary generated by AI based on the discussion content.

FAQ

TL;DR: “It sounds quite detailed,” and the builder measured 2×14 W into 8 Ω from a power amplifier made with parallel NE5532 op-amps. This FAQ helps DIY audio builders understand the topology, measurements, thermal limits, part choices, and why this experiment works despite its obvious inefficiency. [#20640831]

Why it matters: This thread shows how a seemingly impractical op-amp array can become a usable audio power stage, while exposing the real limits in cooling, idle power, measurement method, and device selection.

Option What the thread says Main trade-off
NE5532P Used in the featured build; 2×14 W into 8 Ω; praised for clean, detailed sound Higher chip count and heat [#20640831]
TL07x Considered for very large SMD builds; lower current per amp in some variants Questions about output resistance and suitability [#20654388]
LM833 Mentioned as sonically stronger than TL07x in listening tests Not developed into a full build here [#20657278]
LM358/LM324/LM2904 family Explicitly warned against for this push-pull output use Output crossover “dead” zone harms performance [#20643524]

Key insight: Paralleling op-amps can lower noise and raise output current, but in this thread the limiting factors were not headline wattage. They were idle dissipation, regulator heat, measurement method, and the output-stage behavior of the chosen op-amp family.

Quick Facts

  • The finished amplifier used three boards: one PSU/protection board with ±18 V rails, plus two channel boards; each channel had 4 op-amps in voltage gain, 64 op-amps in parallel as the output buffer, and 1 op-amp for the DC-servo. [#20640831]
  • The builder reported 2×14 W into 8 Ω with both channels driven, and the op-amps themselves reached about 45–50 °C during operation, so cooling was identified as mandatory for practical use. [#20640831]
  • The chosen parts were TI NE5532P devices bought from TME for under 1.9 gross per piece at the project quantity, which kept the experiment financially plausible despite the large chip count. [#20642244]
  • A later large-scale variant showed the thermal penalty clearly: 250 TL072 packages connected in parallel per block drew about 1 A at ±18 V at idle, meaning a 1000-op-amp amplifier could waste roughly 60 W before delivering signal. [#20840893]

How was this NE5532 power amplifier built to deliver 2×14 W into 8 Ω using so many op-amps in parallel?

It used many small op-amp stages to share the output job. Each channel had 4 op-amps in the voltage amplifier, 64 op-amps in parallel as the output buffer, and 1 more op-amp for the DC-servo. A separate board provided stabilized ±18 V rails and loudspeaker protection, and the whole amplifier was split across three PCBs. The builder simplified the original Elektor-inspired concept by removing balanced inputs and bridge mode, then measured 2×14 W into 8 Ω with both channels driven. [#20640831]

What is a DC-servo in an audio power amplifier, and why was an extra op-amp used for it in each channel?

A DC-servo is a control circuit that corrects output DC offset without putting a large capacitor in the audio path. The builder used one extra op-amp per channel for this function, separate from the 4 gain-stage op-amps and the 64 parallel output devices. “DC-servo” is an audio correction circuit that monitors slow DC error at the amplifier output, injects a compensating signal, and keeps the speaker near 0 V without altering normal audio-band gain. That choice fits a design built for direct-coupled listening tests. [#20640831]

Why does paralleling dozens of NE5532 op-amps reduce noise, and how does that differ from using them to increase output current?

Paralleling op-amps reduces equivalent input noise by averaging many uncorrelated noise sources, while also letting many outputs share load current. One commenter quantified the noise effect: with N devices in parallel, noise voltage falls by √N, so 2 TL071s drop from 15 nV/√Hz to 10.6 nV/√Hz, and 2000 devices reach about 0.335 nV/√Hz. The same topology can also raise output current, but another commenter stressed that noise reduction is the classic reason for this technique, not power drive. [#20654463]

What measurement setup was used for this amplifier, and how do asymmetrical and differential load measurements change the results?

The amplifier was measured asymmetrically, not differentially, and that matters. One commenter warned that asymmetrical measurement creates a ground loop through the interface output, amplifier, load return, and interface input ground. He reported that switching configuration improved the noise result from 102 dB dynamic range to 110 dB. A practical check is: 1. measure the audio interface alone, 2. compare asymmetrical and differential load wiring, 3. confirm where the measurement floor sits before judging the amplifier. [#20641108]

How was the Behringer UMC202HD modified to get better reference measurements, and what was wrong with the stock Midas input stage?

The interface was modified by stripping the input path down to a minimum because the stock Midas input amplifiers were described as the main weakness. The builder said those factory input amps were “a total flop” and the reason the UMC202HD underperformed as a measurement front end. After the modification, he also added input protection because he had already burned one AD8694 on the input stage. The thread does not list the full schematic here, but it clearly states the rationale and the failed part. [#20643545]

Where can you buy a working uPC1237 loudspeaker protection IC today, and what risks come with sourcing it from China?

The builder bought a working uPC1237 from China and said that only Chinese sources now seem to produce these chips. He also warned that buying them there involves risk, so the thread treats availability as possible but uncertain. The practical takeaway is simple: you can still source uPC1237-based protection, but expect authenticity and consistency risk when the supply chain is limited to Chinese sellers. [#20641164]

Why do LM321, LM358, LM324, and LM2904-family op-amps perform poorly in this kind of parallel push-pull audio output stage?

They perform poorly here because their output stage can momentarily “die” when output current changes direction. One commenter explicitly warned against LM321, LM358, LM324, and related parts for this topology, and later explained that the problem comes from a push-pull output stage with no quiescent current. That creates a switching interval between the upper and lower transistor, which shows up as distortion. Another commenter then confirmed LM2904AQTH behaves like LM358 in this respect and is therefore unsuitable for this amplifier style. [#20645984]

NE5532 vs TL07x vs LM833 for an op-amp power amplifier: which one makes more sense for sound quality, noise, and current draw?

In this thread, NE5532 is the safest proven choice, TL07x is a scalable experiment, and LM833 is praised mainly on listening quality. The finished amplifier used TI NE5532P and was judged clean and detailed, while one commenter said listening tests gave NE5532 or even LM833 a clear quality advantage over TL07x. For current draw, another large-scale build using TL072 showed the downside clearly: 250 packages per block drew about 1 A at ±18 V at idle. That makes TL07x attractive for packaging experiments, but not automatically for efficiency. [#20657278]

What is damping factor in a loudspeaker amplifier, and why might TL071 or TL072 output-stage resistance reduce it in a parallel op-amp design?

Damping factor is the amplifier’s ability to control speaker motion through low output impedance. One commenter warned that older TL07x-family behavior can add substantial effective output resistance because the final stage includes emitter resistors and another resistor in series with the op-amp output. “Damping factor” is a loudspeaker-control metric that compares load impedance to amplifier output impedance, so a lower output impedance gives tighter electrical control over the driver, especially at low frequencies. In a parallel speaker-driving array, that extra resistance can limit both output power and damping factor. [#20666706]

How do you estimate transformer size, idle power loss, and heatsinking for a large parallel-op-amp amplifier running on ±18 V?

Start with idle current first, because it dominates the thermal budget. In one large TL072 example, 250 packages per block drew about 1 A at ±18 V, so a 1000-op-amp amplifier could waste about 60 W at idle. Another commenter estimated that a stereo bridge design at this scale would need roughly a 400 W transformer, while even a smaller stereo variant could need about 150 W and dissipate up to 90 W in the ICs at idle. That is why the thread repeatedly treats heatsinking and airflow as design requirements, not accessories. [#20841106]

Why did the author use LM338 stabilizers and large output capacitors, and how could 2200 µF on an LM338 output affect regulator performance?

The builder used LM338 stabilizers to create the amplifier’s regulated ±18 V rails and credited the strong bass partly to PSU quality. A later commenter challenged one detail and said 2200 µF on the LM338 output is too large, arguing that it worsens regulator behavior and that 1 µF is enough at the output in this case. So the thread presents both views: the regulated supply helped listening impressions, but very large output capacitance on LM338 may degrade regulator performance rather than improve it. [#20656289]

What is a bridge amplifier configuration, and how would bridging large blocks of TL072 or TL071 op-amps change voltage swing and output power?

A bridge amplifier drives the load from two opposite-phase outputs, doubling voltage swing across the speaker. In the thread, one builder described using two 250-TL072 blocks to form one bridge, then two bridges for stereo. Another commenter estimated about 110 W per channel into 4 Ω in that kind of stereo bridge arrangement and said a transformer around 400 W would then be appropriate. The thread also notes a real limit: output swing loses several volts versus the rails, so bridge power is high but not idealized. [#20841399]

How should you cool a commercial-style version of this amplifier built with SOIC or SMD op-amps on a double-sided PCB?

Mount the op-amps on one side, place the remaining SMD parts on the other, apply thermal paste, and bolt the PCB to a heatsink. That was the specific commercial-style suggestion made in the discussion for a SOIC or SMD version. The idea matters because the original through-hole build already heated the op-amps to about 45–50 °C, and larger arrays showed even worse idle dissipation. The proposed double-sided board turns the whole PCB into a heat-spreading interface instead of relying on free air alone. [#20652784]

What kind of input protection can be added to a modified UMC202HD after burning an AD8694, and how do Zener diodes compare with anti-parallel diode strings or JFETs used as diodes?

The thread points to clamp-style protection, but it does not fully settle the best device choice. The builder said he added protection after burning an input AD8694, then later linked updated information using Zener-based protection. Another commenter said he had expected either anti-parallel strings of 3–4 ordinary diodes or JFETs used as diodes, and asked whether the Zeners added audible noise. The thread records that question, but it does not report a measured noise penalty from the chosen Zener approach. [#20713587]

Which class D op-amp or audio amplifier models already sound indistinguishable from analog in the audio band, as mentioned in the discussion?

No specific class D op-amp or amplifier model was named in the discussion. One commenter claimed such devices already exist today and said they are still single-phase designs switching around 300–500 kHz rather than at megahertz frequencies. When another participant asked for a model number, none was provided in the quoted thread. So the only reliable answer here is that the claim was made, but no concrete product was identified. [#20658147]
Summary generated by AI based on the discussion content.
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